Resources

• • Principle of Protein Mutation Analysis

  Proteins are the primary agents of biological activities, with their functional diversity and complexity arising from their highly specific three-dimensional structures and amino acid sequences. However, amino acid residues in protein sequences can mutate, potentially impacting protein structure and function. Protein mutation analysis is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms, developing novel therapies, and advancing protein engineering techniques.

• • Application of De Novo Peptide Sequencing

  De Novo peptide sequencing is an emerging technology in biological and biomedical research. Unlike traditional peptide sequencing methods that rely on databases, De Novo peptide sequencing does not require any prior protein sequence information. This characteristic makes it particularly advantageous for studying unknown proteins and newly discovered organisms.

• • Workflow of De Novo Peptide Sequencing

  De Novo peptide sequencing is a technique used to determine the primary structure of proteins without relying on known sequences in a database. This method is particularly important for studying newly discovered proteins or organisms that have not been fully investigated. By analyzing mass spectrometry data, researchers can deduce the amino acid sequence of peptide fragments.

• • Advantages and Disadvantages of De Novo Peptide Sequencing

  De Novo peptide sequencing is a technique that allows for the determination of amino acid sequences in proteins or peptides without the need for a reference sequence. It holds a significant position in proteomics, particularly in analyzing proteins from unknown species, discovering new proteins, and sequencing antibodies. However, despite its remarkable advantages, this technology also faces some challenges and limitations in its application.

• • Principles of De Novo Peptide Sequencing

  De Novo peptide sequencing is a crucial biotechnological method extensively utilized in proteomics research. This technique deduces the amino acid sequence of peptides directly from mass spectrometry data without relying on existing protein or nucleic acid databases. It plays a vital role in studying newly discovered proteins, mutants, or protein expressions in non-model organisms.

• • N-Terminal Sequencing: Analysis of the Amino Acid Sequence Start

  N-terminal sequencing, specifically refers to the sequencing of the N-terminus of a protein, which is a method used to determine the starting portion of the amino acid sequence of a protein. The following is a detailed explanation of N-terminal sequencing: Figure 1. Protein N-terminal and C-terminal sequencing process   I. Principle: The classic method for N-terminal sequencing is Edman degradation.

• • Analysis of Protein Vaccine Quality Peptide Map

  Recombinant protein vaccines are created through biological engineering techniques, which involves inserting a part of the coding information (DNA or RNA) of a certain pathogen (such as a virus or bacteria) into a host cell. The host cell then produces a protein from the pathogen, which is then extracted and purified to make a vaccine. Mass peptide map analysis is a mass spectrometry analysis performed on these recombinant proteins to verify their quality and structure.

• • Mechanism of Co-Immunoprecipitation in Detecting Protein-Protein Interactions

  Immunoprecipitation (IP) is a classical biochemical technique widely employed to study protein-protein interactions. This method capitalizes on the high specificity of antigen-antibody reactions, allowing for the selective isolation of target proteins along with their interacting partners from complex protein mixtures. Below, we explore the detailed mechanisms underlying immunoprecipitation in protein-protein interaction analysis.

• • Application of Co-Immunoprecipitation in Protein Interaction Studies

  Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is a widely utilized technique for studying protein-protein interactions. Leveraging the specificity of antibodies, Co-IP enables the capture and enrichment of specific proteins and their interacting partners from complex cellular or tissue extracts under near-physiological conditions. Consequently, Co-IP is highly valuable in protein interaction analysis.

• • Workflow of Co-Immunoprecipitation for Protein Interaction Analysis

  Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is a widely used technique for studying protein-protein interactions. It involves using a specific antibody to precipitate the target protein from a complex cell lysate, allowing the analysis of proteins that interact with the target. The workflow of this technique includes critical steps such as sample preparation, antibody binding, immunocomplex precipitation, washing, and detection. Below is a detailed explanation of the Co-IP workflow.