Knowledge Center

• • Comprehensive Untargeted Metabolomics Solutions

  Untargeted m etabolomics is a comprehensive, unbiased analytical strategy designed to perform full-spectrum analysis of all detectable small molecules in biological samples without prior selection of target metabolites. It combines high-resolution mass spectrometry technologies (such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) with various chromatographic separation techniques (such as reversed-phase chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic inter

• • Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics: Labeled and Label-Free Quantification Strategies

  The core objective of quantitative proteomics is to accurately measure protein abundance across different experimental conditions using mass spectrometry (MS). Thanks to its high resolution and sensitivity, MS allows for the precise quantification of protein expression levels and enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. To achieve this, MS is typically integrated with various labeling strategies. Among the most commonly used strategies in MS-based proteomics are label-free quantificatio

• • Protein Sequencing Technology: Principles, Methods and Applications

  Protein sequencing lacks template dependence, exhibits inherent heterogeneity, and often involves multiple post-translational modifications. As a result, sequencing results typically do not have a singular outcome. Instead, they are based on a dynamic trade-off between experimental strategies, physical resolution, and data models. The sequencing techniques reviewed here, from chemical degradation to mass spectrometry and direct single-molecule reading, form a compensatory information acquisition system. The

• • Comparing LFQ and Isobaric Labeling Strategies in Proteomics Quantification

  Quantitative proteomics plays a critical role in modern life science research, offering a window into the dynamic regulation of cellular systems under physiological and pathological conditions. Unlike protein identification, which focuses solely on cataloging protein species, protein quantification aims to measure changes in abundance, enabling researchers to investigate differential expression, post-translational modifications, and signaling responses across experimental conditions. Two of the most

• • Protein Lactylation: Principle, Mechanism and Detection

  Discover how protein lactylation, a novel post-translational modification driven by lactate, reshapes our understanding of cellular metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and disease pathways. This article provides a comprehensive overview of its mechanisms, detection methods, and biomedical relevance.

• • Overview of Protein Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)

  This comprehensive overview explores the biochemical diversity, regulatory logic, and analytical challenges of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). From canonical marks such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation to emerging metabolite-derived modifications—including lactylation, β-hydroxybutyrylation, S-glutathionylation, and mitochondria-linked acyl marks—the article explains how each PTM shapes cellular signaling, chromatin dynamics, metabolic adaptati

• • Advantages, Disadvantages and Principle of Edman Sequencing

  Edman degradation sequencing, pioneered in the 1950s by Swedish chemist Pehr Edman, is a classic method for determining protein N-terminal sequences. Under mildly alkaline conditions, phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) selectively reacts with the free α-amino group at the peptide N-terminus, forming a cyclical phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative soluble in organic solvents. Subsequent acid treatment cleaves the terminal amino acid as a detectable anilinothiazolinone (ATZ) derivative, which—after isomerization under ac