Resources
Proteomics Databases
Metabolomics Databases
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• How to Ensure High Purity in Long Peptide Synthesis?
Long peptides containing more than 30 amino acid residues often suffer from reduced coupling efficiency, sequence deletions, incomplete side-chain deprotection, and the formation of secondary structures that interfere with chain elongation. These issues significantly compromise the purity and biological activity of the final product. Therefore, achieving high-purity long peptide synthesis requires an integrated optimization across sequence design, solid-phase synthesis, purification, and quality contr......
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• TMT-based Single-cell Proteomics
With the rapid advancement of single-cell transcriptomics and spatial omics, there is a growing need to characterize dynamic protein changes at the single-cell level. Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics typically requires thousands to tens of thousands of cells as input, thereby limiting its applicability to rare cell populations such as immune subtypes, stem cells, and circulating tumor cells. In recent years, single-cell proteomics approaches leveraging Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) multiple......
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• What Is the Workflow of Custom Modified Peptide Synthesis?
Custom modified peptide synthesis is widely utilized in signal transduction studies, antibody development, protein–protein interaction validation, drug target discovery, and related research fields. Since natural peptides often fail to meet the specific requirements of experimental systems, researchers frequently incorporate chemical modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, fluorescent labeling, and biotinylation, to precisely modulate peptide functionality and molecular inter......
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• Principles of Quantitative Ubiquitinomics
Quantitative ubiquitinomics is an advanced analytical approach that integrates high-resolution mass spectrometry with selective enrichment strategies for protein modifications. It enables systematic investigation of ubiquitination sites, their dynamic changes, and associated biological functions. The core principle of this technique is to identify and quantify ubiquitination modifications on proteins, thereby elucidating their regulatory roles in processes such as intracellular signal transduction, pr......
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Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential regulatory mechanisms enabling cells to respond to internal and external stimuli and maintain functional homeostasis. Among these, protein acetylation has emerged as a key player in epigenetic regulation, metabolic pathways, cell cycle control, and disease pathogenesis. As a highly dynamic and reversible modification, protein acetylation, alongside phosphorylation and ubiquitination, represents one of the core molecular mechanisms governing cellula......
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Host cell proteins (HCPs) are among the most prevalent process-related impurities in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. They originate from the metabolic secretion or cell lysis of production cell lines. Despite multi-step purification processes, HCPs can persist at trace levels (as low as ng/mL), potentially compromising drug safety, immunogenicity, and long-term stability. These residual proteins not only pose immunological risks, triggering allergic or immune responses, but may also compromise the st......
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• Comparative Analysis of Histone PTM Detection Techniques: Advantages and Limitations
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate chromatin architecture and gene expression, constituting an essential component of the "epigenetic code" involved in development, differentiation, and disease processes. Owing to their inherent complexity, characterized by numerous modification sites, diverse modification types, and frequent co-occurrence, accurate identification and quantification of PTMs impose stringent methodological requirements. Currently, mainstream detection strategies p......
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• Advantages and Disadvantages of iTRAQ-based Quantitative Proteomics
iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) is a quantitative proteomics method that combines stable isotope labeling with mass spectrometry, widely applied in the analysis of protein expression across multiple samples and complex biological systems. By labeling peptides with isobaric tags, iTRAQ ensures that peptides from different samples exhibit identical masses at the MS1 level. Upon MS/MS fragmentation, the tags generate reporter ions with distinct masses, enabling multiplexed re......
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• Advantages and Disadvantages of TMT-based Quantitative Proteomics
Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics has been extensively utilized in diverse areas of life science research, including biomarker discovery, disease mechanism elucidation, and drug effect profiling, owing to its robust multiplexing capability and high quantitative reproducibility. Similar to iTRAQ, TMT employs an isobaric labeling strategy in mass spectrometry. However, it exhibits distinct technical features in terms of sensitivity, interference resistance, and platform compatibility. ......
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• Advantages of timsTOF Pro in 4D DIA Proteomics Applications
With the ongoing advancements in biomedicine, pharmaceutical development, and precision medicine, proteomics technologies are increasingly transitioning from basic research to clinical applications. Among these, Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) has gained significant traction in large-scale protein quantification due to its high throughput, excellent reproducibility, and low rates of missing data. However, conventional DIA approaches still face key limitations, such as substantial co-fragmentation i......
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